GRAMMAR : IMPERATIVE

The imperative 

We can use the imperative to give a direct order :

• Take that chewing gum out of your mouth. 
• Stand up straight. 
• Give me the details. 

We can use the imperative to give instructions.

• Open your book. 
• Take two tablets every evening. 
• Take a left and then a right. 

We can use the imperative to make-an invitation.

• Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home. 
• Please start without me. I'll be there shortly. 
• Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious. 

We can use the imperative on signs and notices.

• Push. 
• Do not use. 
• Insert one dollar. 

We can use the imperative to give friendly informal advice.

• Speak to him. Tell him how you feel. 
• Have a quiet word with her about it. 
• Do not go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and recover. 

We can make the imperative 'more polite' by adding 'do'.

• Do be quiet. 
• Do come. 
• Do sit down.

Source: (http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/imperative/menu.php)

GRAMMAR : DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another .

There are three Degrees of Comparison in English .

They are :

1 . Positive degree .

2 . Comparative degree .

3 . Superlative degree .

Let us see all of them one by one .

PERSUADING AND CONVINCING OTHERS

The verbs ' convince ' and ' persuade ' are very similar in meaning , but there is a difference in how we use them .
After ' persuade ' we use the structure
to + infinitive :

• I persuaded them to stay for another drink .
• He persuaded her not to take the job .

After ' convince ' we can not use a verb infinitive . We say ' convince someone that' :

• She convinced the police that she was telling the truth .
• He convinced her that it was the right thing to do .

Both of the above sentence would also be correct without 'that' :

• She convinced the police she was telling the truth .
• He convinced her it was the right thing to do .

meaning :
There can also be a subtle difference in meaning between ' convince ' and ' persuade ' , as seen here :
Although Robert finally persuaded his girlfriend to move abroad with him , she was not fully convinced that it was the best thing to do .

In the example , Robert 's girlfriend was persuaded ( to move) but was not convinced ( that it was the correct decision) . So , we can see that when we persuade someone to do something it does not always mean that we have also convinced that person .

One more thing is worth mentioning about ' persuade ' and ' convince ' . If we are absolutely sure about something , I'm convinced we say :

• - Are you sure he 's innocent ?
• - Yes , I'm convinced . NOT I'm persuaded

Some related words :

• convincing ( adjective ) It was a convincing argument .
• persuasive ( adjective ) Marta can be very persuasive when she wants .
• persuasion ( noun ) He used his powers of persuasion

source:  http://speakspeak.com/confusing-words/convince-and-persuade

ASKING NECESSITY AND OBLIGATION

Here are some examples of phrases and sentences that can be used to express or express obligation and the Necessary .

A. Obligation

1 . using adjectives : Obligatory , Compulsory , Needless , Unnecessary

Example Sentence :

• It is obligatory for the people to Participate in education .
• Entering elementary school is compulsory in Indonesia .
• That's a needless thing to speak with him .
• It's unnecessary to sit under the tree for hours .
• Etc. .

2 . Use nouns : Obligation , Compulsion , a Need , Necessity

Example Sentence :

• There is a legal obligation to enter the army .
• It's compulsion to obey your parents .
• It's a need for everybody to eat nutritious food .
• Is it a necessity for man and woman to sit apart ?

3 . Use Verbs : Oblige

Example Sentence :

• My father obliged me to study every night .

4 . Use Capital Auxiliaries : Must , Have to , ought to , Should

Example Sentence :

• You must obey your parents .
• Every Muslim must pray five times a day .
• I have to go now .
• You ought to repair my watch .
• Those shoes should be repaired .
• I ought to wake up early
• Etc. .

NOTE :
The word "must " have a very strong sense of ( strong ) . The use of the word " must" is more Likely to have meaning on a must already be an obligation to do .

B. Necessary

Example Sentence :

• I think it's not your necessity to follow the party .
• To sleep at noon is being my necessity .

source: http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2013/06/contoh-kalimat-expressing-obligation-and-necessary.html

DESCRIBING PROCESS

Ever it we read a cooking recipe and how to cook it , or did we ever read how to use a tool ?
           Let us try to learn the material below :
   
The Expressions :

I. Beginning
- The first thing you do is ....
 - To begin with .....
 - To start with ....
 - First .....
II . Continuing
- And .....
 - Then .....
 - And then .....
 - Next ..... + Verb in the imperative form
 - After this ...... ( infinitive without to )
 - Following this .....
 - When ( this done ) / ( you've done this) ......
 - Once ( this is done ) / ( you've done this) ......
 - While ( something else is happening ) .......
III . ending
- Finally .....
 - Lastly ......
 - To finish .....

ASKING AND GIVING SUGGESTIONS

We've all and often it give the same advice a friend or also seek advice from friends or perhaps people who we think of as a friend, but you do not ever ask for and give advice (asking and giving suggestion) use the English language?

Well there is a way below asking and giving suggestion and also for example :

EXPRESSING OPINION

Asking other people’s opinions:

• What do you think of ….
• Is that true that ….
• Do you think it’s going …
• Why do they behave like that?
• Do you have any idea?
• How do you like …..?
• Please give me your frank opinion.
• What’s your opinion?

Expressing opinions:

• In my opinion, …..
• I feel ….
• I personally believe …..
• I am certain, sure, positive, convinced.
• I personally think…..
• I agree
• I personally feel …..
• I disagree
• Not everyone will agree with me, but ….
• It seems that ….
• To my mind ….
• Well, personally ….
• From my point of view…..
• If I had my way, I would ….
• As I see it
• What I’m more concerned with is …..
• I think ….
• In my case ….
• I believe……
• Absolutely. 

GRAMMAR

A. CONJUNCTION

>>Theory
A conjunction (conj / CNJ) is one kind of word that connects two items (words, sentences, phrases, or clauses) together. In Indonesian 'conjunction' is also known as conjunctions, coupling, or conjunction.

>>The forms of conjunctions / conjunctive

1 . Coordinating conjunctionCoordinating conjunctions , also be called ' coordinators ' , a conjunction that connects two or more words , clauses , or sentences , which has the syntactic form ( the rules in terms of making sentences ) are the same . Examples of coordinating conjunctions are: for , and , nor , but , or , yet , and so . To make it easier to memorize commonly abbreviated fanboys .

ARGUING

Theory
Is the disciplinary study of how conclusions can be reached through logical reasoning; that is, claims based, soundly or not, or premises.
Argumentation includes debate and negotiation which are concerned with reaching mutually acceptable conclusions. It also encompasses eristic dialog, the branch of social debate in which victory over an opponent is the primary goal. This art and science is often the means by which people protect their beliefs or self-interests in rational dialogue, in common parlance, and during the process of arguing.

KEY COMPONENTS OF ARGUING

• Understanding and identifying arguments, either explicit or implied, and the goals of the participants in the different types of dialogue.
• Identifying the premises from which conclusions are derived
• Establishing the "burden of proof" — determining who made the initial claim and is thus responsible for providing evidence why his/her position merits acceptance.
• For the one carrying the "burden of proof", the advocate, to marshal evidence for his/her position in order to convince or force the opponent's acceptance. The method by which this is accomplished is producing valid, sound, and cogent arguments, devoid of weaknesses, and not easily attacked.
• In a debate, fulfillment of the burden of proof creates a burden of rejoinder. One must try to identify faulty reasoning in the opponent's argument, to attack the reasons/premises of the argument, to provide counterexamples if possible, to identify any fallacies, and to show why a valid conclusion cannot be derived from the reasons provided for his/her argument.

Sourceby: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_theory

EXPRESSING AGREEMENT AND DIASAGREEMENT

In real life, you definitely often asks wheter one agrees or disagrees with what you
are doing or you select. Here are some sayings that can be used to express approval or disapproval:

A. AGREEMENT
- I agree (saya setuju)
- I am with you (saya sependapat dengan anda)
- I think so (saya kira begitu)
- That's what I was thinking (itulah yang saya pikirkan)

B. DISAGREEMENT
- I disagree (saya tidak setuju)
- I am not with you (saya tidak sependapat dengan anda)

Constructive disagreement
1. I can appreciate your point about..., but I would disagree because...
2. I am not so sure about that because...
3. I don't think that's the case because...

SourceBy:
http://education-co.blogspot.com/2012/11/expressing-agreementdisagreement.html
http://www.belajaringgris.net/expression-of-agreement-and-disagreement-3134.html

GIVING & RESPONDING TO COMPLIMENT

Everyone likes to hear compliment. Compliments make people feel good themselves, and we all need that at times. This is the expressions below that can be used when giving and responding to compliments.

Giving Compliments :
-That's very nice....(dress)
-Great job on the....(presentation)
Responses to compliments :
-How kind of you to say so
-Thankyou
-I'm glad you like it.

Courtesy by: (inilahblogsaya.wordpress.com/2011/04/09/materi-bargaining-and-giving-responding-complaiment/)

EXPRESSING CERTAINTY

Theory
To express the faith that something has been/ is being/ will happen, use the following phrases :
-I'm sure : Saya yakin
-I absolutely sure : Saya benar-benar yakin
-I'm certain : Saya yakin

Example
If you have question :
"Will Amir pass the exam?" = "Apakah Amir akan lulus ujian?"
Can respond with :
-"Yes, I'm sure he will" = "Ya, saya yakin dia akan lulus"


Courtesy By : http://spensaguti.wordpress.com/2013/09/12/expressing-certainty-and-uncertaintydoubt/

BARGAINING

Theory
1. A bargain is defined as something that you buy that costs less than it normally does.
A purchase made at a sale is an example of a bargain.
2. The definition of a bargain is an understanding between two people on the cost of goods or services.
If someone agrees to sell a product at 10 percent of as long as the other person orders at least 12, that is an example of a bargain.

Some Points to keep in mind
-Ask a trusted local
-See what locals pay

When bargaining, do so responsibly :
-Be honest
-Choose your battles
-Even in cultures where haggling is the norm, many items do have fixed price.

Example of conversation
X : Can I help you?
Y : Yes, thanks. I want to know how much that shirt is?
X : Which one, Sir?
Y : The blue one, please.
X : It is three hundred thousand rupiahs.
Y : It's too much. Can you let me have it for less?
X : I am sorry, Sir. But it's a good price.
Y : Okay then, I'll think about it.
X : That's alright, Sir.


Courtesy by:
http://www.yourdictionary.com/bargain
http://www.kerenha.biz/2012/03/conversation-cara-menawar-harga-barang.html
http://wikitravel.org/en/How_to_haggle

GIVING INVITATION

Theory
Giving Invitation is an expression that is disclosed when there is someone who wants to ask other persons to come to a place or when there is someone who ask others to do something for her/him.

Example
*Question
-Could you come to my party?
-I'd like you to.....
-Can you......?
-Would you like to.....?
-I'd like to invite you to.....

*Answer/ Respon
-That's very kind of you
-I'd love to go with you
-Thanks for your invitation. I'll happy to come/join/....
-I'd be happy to go

Example in dialogue
Nadira : Hi Nabila.
Nabila : Hi Nadira.
Nadira : Are you free tonight?
Nabila : Yes, I have nothing to do.
Nadira : I'd like to invite you to go to Ayu's house.
Nabila : Ok, I'd be happy to go.
Nadira : Ok. See you on 7 p.m.
Nabila : Ok see you.

Courtesy by :
http://english4knowledge.blogspot.com/2011/02/expression-giving-invitation.html
http://inilahblogsaya.wordpress.com/2011/04/09/materi-fact-and-figures-giving-invitation/